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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

Pleural Effusion I: Introduction

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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
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Pleural Effusion Overview
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
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Extra-pleural pneumonectomy.

Leonardo Duranti1, Alessandro Pardolesi1, Luca Bertolaccini2

  • 1Thoracic Surgery Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|April 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extra-pleural pneumonectomy (EPP) is a surgical option for pleural malignancies, offering survival rates up to 78% but with significant morbidity. Further research is needed to optimize its role in multimodal treatment plans.

Keywords:
Extra-pleural pneumonectomy (EPP)malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)pleural malignancies

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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Pulmonary Medicine

Background:

  • Extra-pleural pneumonectomy (EPP) is a complex surgical procedure initially developed for pleural tuberculosis.
  • It has been adapted for treating pleural malignancies, particularly malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM).
  • The precise role of EPP in contemporary surgical oncology requires further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the current role of extra-pleural pneumonectomy (EPP) in surgical oncology.
  • To analyze survival outcomes, peri-operative mortality, and morbidity associated with EPP.
  • To identify common post-operative complications and assess the need for standardized treatment protocols.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane from January 1985 to January 2018.
  • The search adhered to the PRISMA protocol, focusing on English-language publications.
  • Inclusion criteria involved studies reporting on patient series treated with EPP for mesothelioma and other pleural malignancies.

Main Results:

  • Five-year overall survival (OS) following EPP varied widely, ranging from 0% to 78%.
  • Peri-operative mortality and morbidity rates were reported between 0-11.8% and 0-82.6%, respectively.
  • Common complications included ARDS, cardiac issues, pulmonary embolism, respiratory infections, and arrhythmias.

Conclusions:

  • In specialized centers and for carefully selected patients, EPP can serve as a cytoreductive or radical treatment for advanced pleural malignancies.
  • Prospective studies are essential to standardize EPP timing within multimodal treatment strategies.
  • Future research should focus on optimizing oncological and functional indications to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.