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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Psychodynamic therapies emphasize the exploration of unconscious processes and early childhood experiences as fundamental contributors to psychological difficulties. These therapies, deeply rooted in Freud's psychoanalytic theory, aim to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts, granting individuals insights that promote emotional and behavioral healing. Contemporary psychodynamic approaches have evolved, integrating a broader range of influences and methodologies while still valuing the...
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Humanistic therapies emphasize personal growth, self-understanding, and the fulfillment of human potential. Rooted in the belief that individuals inherently strive toward self-actualization, these approaches encourage clients to explore their feelings and experiences in a supportive, nonjudgmental environment. Humanistic therapies differ from psychodynamic approaches by focusing on conscious experiences, present circumstances, and the potential for self-improvement rather than past conflicts...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Development of an Innovative LED-based Illumination Device for In Vitro Application of Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal
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Development of an Innovative LED-based Illumination Device for In Vitro Application of Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal

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Hyperpigmentation Due to Cyclosporine Therapy.

Ajay N Sharma1, Allison S Dobry1, Kenneth Linden1

  • 1Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, USA.

Cureus
|April 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Cyclosporine therapy for immune disorders can rarely cause hyperpigmentation, an unexpected skin change. This case highlights the need for awareness of this rare cyclosporine side effect and sun protection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cyclosporine is a widely used immunosuppressant for various immune disorders.
  • It is generally known to potentially decrease melanocyte activity and pigment formation.

Observation:

  • A case of prurigo nodularis treated with cyclosporine is presented.
  • The patient developed significant hyperpigmentation on extremities and limbs after four months of therapy.

Findings:

  • This represents an extremely rare adverse effect of cyclosporine, hyperpigmentation.
  • The observed hyperpigmentation is contrary to previously reported in vitro findings of decreased tyrosinase activity.
  • This suggests a complex and not fully understood relationship between cyclosporine and melanogenesis.
Keywords:
cyclosporinehyperpigmentationpigmentationprurigo nodularis

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Implications:

  • Clinicians should be vigilant for cutaneous side effects, including hyperpigmentation, during cyclosporine treatment.
  • Patient counseling regarding potential skin changes and the importance of ultraviolet radiation protection is recommended.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanism behind cyclosporine-induced hyperpigmentation.