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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
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Paracrine signaling allows cells to communicate with their immediate neighbors via secretion of signaling molecules. Such a signal can only trigger a response in nearby target cells because the signal molecules degrade quickly or are inactivated if not taken up. Prominent examples of paracrine signaling include nitric oxide signaling in blood vessels, synaptic signaling of neurons, the blood clotting system, tissue repair/wound healing, and local allergic skin reactions. Nitric oxide as a...
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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts
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Retinoic acid signaling in heart development.

Yuji Nakajima1

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.

Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)
|April 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Retinoic acid (RA) is crucial for heart development, regulating key stages from chamber formation to coronary vascularization. Proper RA signaling ensures a functional four-chambered heart by guiding cardiac progenitor cells and promoting myocardial growth.

Keywords:
congenital heart defectscoronary vesselsheart development and evolutionmyocardiumretinoic acid

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Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cardiovascular Science

Background:

  • Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A metabolite, functions as a morphogen and teratogen.
  • Abnormal RA signaling is linked to congenital heart defects.
  • The heart develops from anterior lateral plate mesoderm through complex cardiogenesis stages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of retinoic acid signaling in embryonic heart development.
  • To understand RA's specific functions at different stages of cardiogenesis.
  • To investigate RA's influence on cardiac progenitor differentiation and vascularization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RA and heart development.
  • Analysis of gene expression patterns related to RA signaling during embryogenesis.
  • Studies on animal models with altered RA signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • RA is dispensable for primitive heart tube formation but essential for defining heart-forming mesoderm boundaries.
  • RA regulates atrium and sinus venosus formation, outflow tract elongation, and septation.
  • RA controls myocardial proliferation via insulin-like growth factor and promotes coronary vascularization by inducing angiogenic factors.

Conclusions:

  • Precise control of retinoic acid signaling is indispensable for normal cardiogenesis.
  • RA influences multiple critical steps in heart formation, from initial patterning to vascular development.
  • Understanding RA's role is vital for addressing congenital heart abnormalities.