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Shared behavioral mechanisms underlie C. elegans aggregation and swarming.

Siyu Serena Ding1,2, Linus J Schumacher3,4, Avelino E Javer1,2

  • 1Instititue of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

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Simple rules drive worm aggregation and swarming. Researchers identified key behaviors like speed changes and neighbor attraction in *C. elegans* (Caenorhabditis elegans) collective feeding, revealing emergent group dynamics.

Keywords:
C. elegansagent-based modelingaggregationanimal trackingcollective behaviorphysics of living systemsquantitative behaviorswarming

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Area of Science:

  • * Collective behavior and emergent phenomena in biological systems.
  • * Mesoscopic scale dynamics in organismal interactions.

Background:

  • * Collective behavior is well-understood at cellular and large organism scales, but less so at the mesoscopic level.
  • * Identifying key sensory inputs and physical processes driving mesoscopic collective behavior remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the mesoscopic collective feeding behavior of the roundworm *C. elegans*.
  • * To identify the specific behavioral rules underlying aggregation and swarming in *C. elegans*.
  • * To understand the transition from aggregation to swarming dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • * Quantitative phenotyping using fluorescence multi-worm tracking to measure individual dynamics and population statistics.
  • * Agent-based modeling to simulate collective behaviors.
  • * Approximate Bayesian inference to identify critical behavioral rules.

Main Results:

  • * Three key rules identified for *C. elegans* aggregation: cluster-edge reversals, density-dependent speed switching, and taxis towards neighbors.
  • * Aggregation was quantified using individual movement patterns and population-level metrics.
  • * Simulations indicated that swarming arises from local food depletion, utilizing the same aggregation mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • * Simple, individual-level rules govern complex emergent group behaviors in *C. elegans* at the mesoscopic scale.
  • * The identified behavioral rules (reversals, speed changes, neighbor attraction) are fundamental to both aggregation and swarming.
  • * Local food depletion is a sufficient trigger for swarming, driven by established aggregation behaviors.