Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

263
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
263
Factors Influencing Attraction III: Similarity01:23

Factors Influencing Attraction III: Similarity

737
The similarity hypothesis suggests that individuals are more likely to form relationships with others who share similar attitudes, beliefs, values, and interests. This concept has been widely studied in social psychology, demonstrating that perceived similarity fosters interpersonal attraction. In an experiment supporting this hypothesis, participants were presented with fabricated information indicating that strangers held attitudes similar to their own. The results showed that participants...
737
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

6.9K
Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...
6.9K
How Data are Classified: Categorical Data01:11

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

43.2K
A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. Data are the actual values of variables. They may be numbers, or they may be words. Datum is a single value.
Data are classified based on whether they are measurable or not. Categorical data cannot be measured; instead, it can be divided into categories. For example, if Y denotes a person's party affiliation, some examples of Y include...
43.2K
Types of Aggregate Grading01:15

Types of Aggregate Grading

1.4K
Aggregate grading is crucial in economically obtaining a concrete mix with adequate strength, reasonable workability, and minimal segregation. There are four types of aggregate gradation: well-graded, uniformly (or one-sized) graded, gap-graded, and open-graded.
Well-graded aggregates include a complete range of necessary size fractions that fit together to create a dense matrix with minimal voids, represented by a smooth, continuous gradation curve. This type of grading ensures good...
1.4K
Sieve Analysis and Grading Curves01:19

Sieve Analysis and Grading Curves

960
Sieve analysis is a method used to determine the particle size distribution of aggregate materials. This process involves the following steps:
960

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Alignability-based free categorization.

Cognition·2017
Same author

The impact of training sequence and between-category similarity on unsupervised induction.

Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)·2014
Same author

The effects of prior knowledge on incidental category learning.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2012
Same author

Prior knowledge and correlational structure in unsupervised learning.

Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale·2007
Same author

When more is less: negative exposure effects in unsupervised learning.

Memory & cognition·2006
Same author

Adaptive categorization in unsupervised learning.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2002
Same journal

Corrigendum to "Productivity matters for the neural processing of novel words, but not existing ones" Cognition Volume 274 (2026) 106593.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Investigating the origins of partisanship: What motivates children to preferentially endorse their ingroups' claims?

Cognition·2026
Same journal

People make graded judgments about the inconceivable.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

The self as an image: Appearance and belief in visual representations of one's own face.

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum to 'Consonant, vowel, and tone cues in early wordform recognition: Evidence from Cantonese-learning infants' [Cognition 275 (2026) 106624].

Cognition·2026
Same journal

Identifying distinct sources of whole number interference in children's decimal comparison: the role of numerical magnitude and inhibitory control.

Cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.9K

Graded similarity in free categorization.

John P Clapper1

  • 1Department of Psychology, California State University San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407-2397, United States.

Cognition
|April 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human categorization relies on similarity, but people often use single features. This study shows that increasing shared features between objects boosts categorization similarity, with a superlinear increase in category assignment probability.

Keywords:
AlignmentCategorizationCategory constructionConceptsGeneralizationUnsupervised learning

More Related Videos

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
05:35

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

7.1K
Author Spotlight: Analysis of Ovarian Anatomy in Migratory Insects to Overcome Experimental Challenges
04:41

Author Spotlight: Analysis of Ovarian Anatomy in Migratory Insects to Overcome Experimental Challenges

Published on: July 14, 2023

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.9K
Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
05:35

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

7.1K
Author Spotlight: Analysis of Ovarian Anatomy in Migratory Insects to Overcome Experimental Challenges
04:41

Author Spotlight: Analysis of Ovarian Anatomy in Migratory Insects to Overcome Experimental Challenges

Published on: July 14, 2023

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Perception
  • Categorization Studies

Background:

  • Similarity is a key factor in human categorization.
  • However, research indicates people often use single features over overall similarity for categorization.
  • This study investigates the role of graded similarity in free categorization tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if similarity has a graded effect on free categorization.
  • To examine how the proportion of shared features influences categorization.
  • To explore the cognitive processes underlying similarity-based categorization.

Main Methods:

  • Five experiments were conducted.
  • The proportion of shared parts between structurally alignable objects was manipulated.
  • Rated similarity and category assignment probability were measured.

Main Results:

  • Increasing shared features linearly increased rated similarity.
  • Increasing shared features superlinearly (exponentially) increased category assignment probability.
  • The findings support Shepard's (1987) model of generalization.

Conclusions:

  • Similarity plays a graded role in free categorization.
  • The exponential relationship between similarity and categorization probability offers insight into cognitive processes.
  • These results demonstrate the influence of similarity on human categorization behavior.