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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Gap Junctions01:27

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Social Proof00:52

Social Proof

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Social proof is a form of persuasion based on comparison and conformity. People compare their behavior and actions to what others are doing and will change to conform to do what their peers do.
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Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
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Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems

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IL-22: There Is a Gap in Our Knowledge.

Lauren A Zenewicz1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 lauren-zenewicz@ouhsc.edu.

Immunohorizons
|April 26, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is key in inflammation, but its dual role complicates therapeutic targeting. Further research into IL-22 regulation is vital for developing new treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a critical cytokine involved in tissue responses during inflammation.
  • IL-22 is upregulated in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases, presenting a potential therapeutic target.
  • The dual role of IL-22, acting as both protective and inflammatory depending on the disease context, complicates its therapeutic application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight outstanding questions in Interleukin-22 (IL-22) biology.
  • To underscore the need for a deeper understanding of the factors regulating IL-22 production and function.
  • To explore the potential of IL-22 as a therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • This article is a review and discussion of existing scientific literature.

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  • It focuses on identifying knowledge gaps in IL-22 biology.
  • No new experimental data were generated.

    • Main Results:

    • Scientific interest in IL-22 has significantly increased over the last decade.
    • There remain significant unknowns regarding the environmental, cellular, and molecular regulators of IL-22.
    • The complex, context-dependent role of IL-22 in inflammation is a key area requiring further investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of IL-22 biology is essential for advancing therapeutic strategies.
    • Further research into the regulation of IL-22 is crucial for developing effective treatments for chronic inflammatory conditions.
    • Targeting IL-22 holds promise, but requires careful consideration of its multifaceted roles in disease.