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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows them to complement ordered proteins to perform functions that are inaccessible to rigid structures. They are more common in eukaryotes than prokaryotes and may either be exclusively intrinsically disordered or hybrid proteins, consisting of a mix of ordered and disordered regions. The absence of a rigid structure in these proteins can be...
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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Neurosteroid Actions in Memory and Neurologic/Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

Marcia H Ratner1, Vidhya Kumaresan1, David H Farb1

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Frontiers in Endocrinology
|April 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Neurosteroids modulate brain circuitry, impacting memory function and deficits in neurological and psychiatric conditions. Understanding these neuromodulators offers potential therapeutic strategies for memory disorders.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseallopregnanoloneanxietydepressionmemoryneurosteroidpregnenolone sulfateschizophrenia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Molecular Psychiatry

Background:

  • Memory dysfunction is a key symptom in numerous neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying memory and associated circuitry alterations remain largely unknown.
  • Endogenous neurosteroids have emerged as critical neuromodulators in brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in understanding neurosteroid modulation of GABA type-A (GABAA), NMDA, and non-NMDA glutamate receptors.
  • To explore the role of neurosteroids in modulating neural circuitry and its impact on memory and memory deficits.
  • To synthesize current knowledge on neurosteroid effects across the lifespan and in various disease models.

Main Methods:

  • Historical and conceptual review of neurosteroid research.
  • Analysis of findings from multiple laboratories, including animal models and human clinical studies.
  • Examination of neurosteroid modulation of specific receptor types (GABAA, NMDA, non-NMDA glutamate).

Main Results:

  • Neurosteroids act as positive and negative allosteric modulators of key neurotransmitter receptors.
  • Evidence suggests neurosteroid modulation of neural circuits influences memory and cognitive deficits.
  • Research integrates findings from diverse studies, pointing towards a circuitry-level understanding of neurosteroid action.

Conclusions:

  • Neurosteroids play a significant role in modulating neural networks and memory processes.
  • Understanding neurosteroid mechanisms offers potential for novel therapeutic interventions for memory disorders.
  • Neurosteroid actions across the lifespan suggest a broad pharmacological connectome influencing memory in various states.