Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases01:17

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

2.3K
Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
For an analyte to remain on the column for a sufficient amount of time, it must exhibit some level of compatibility (or...
2.3K
General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

35.5K
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
35.5K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

49.9K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
49.9K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.8K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.8K
Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

22.3K
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
22.3K
Enthalpy of Solution02:39

Enthalpy of Solution

30.2K
There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
30.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tuning Piezoelectricity and Pyroelectricity in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) through Ionic Liquid Anion-Size Directed Polymorph and Interface Engineering.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Atomistic-to-Device Understanding of Oxygen Reduction Using Redox-Active Lanthanide-Coupled Carbon Nitride Nanoparticles for Bio-Electrochemical Power Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells.

Small methods·2026
Same author

The Role of Polycrystalline MoS<sub>2</sub> as Diffusion Barrier in Ru Interconnects: Thermal Stability and Electrical Performances.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Metal Nanoclusters for Interface Engineering and Improved Photovoltaic Performance in Organic Solar Cells.

ACS nano·2024
Same author

Correlation of Dielectric Properties and Vibrational Spectra of Composite PVDF/Salt Fibers.

Polymers·2024
Same author

Gd<sup>3+</sup> Encapsulation on 2D-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Nanostructure for Spintronics and Ultrasound Assisted Photocatalytic Applications: First-Principles and Experimental Studies.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides
11:00

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides

Published on: June 24, 2013

11.6K

Nonbonding interaction analyses on PVDF/[BMIM][BF4] complex system in gas and solution phase.

Ranjini Sarkar1, T K Kundu2

  • 1Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.

Journal of Molecular Modeling
|April 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study details the interactions between poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and [BMIM][BF4] ionic liquid using quantum chemistry. The β-PVDF/IL interaction is stronger, with anion interactions dominating, suggesting solution phase stability.

Keywords:
Delocalization indexDispersion corrected DFTHOMO-LUMOHirshfeld surfaceInteraction energyNBONCIPVDF/IL complexQTAIMRDG

More Related Videos

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor
07:17

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Published on: August 3, 2018

6.4K
Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity
11:06

Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Published on: March 1, 2016

10.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides
11:00

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides

Published on: June 24, 2013

11.6K
Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor
07:17

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

Published on: August 3, 2018

6.4K
Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity
11:06

Encapsulating Cytochrome c in Silica Aerogel Nanoarchitectures without Metal Nanoparticles while Retaining Gas-phase Bioactivity

Published on: March 1, 2016

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a versatile polymer with applications in various fields.
  • Ionic liquids (ILs) offer unique solvent properties and are explored for material processing.
  • Understanding the interactions between PVDF and ILs is crucial for optimizing their combined use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed quantum chemical description of the physicochemical interactions between PVDF and [BMIM][BF4] ionic liquid.
  • To investigate the influence of different solvents on these interactions.
  • To elucidate the nature of bonding and stability in the PVDF/IL system.

Main Methods:

  • Density functional theory (DFT) with dispersion correction for geometry optimization and frequency calculations.
  • Integral Equation Formalism Polarizable Continuum Model (IEFPCM) for solvation effects.
  • Natural Bond Orbital (NBO), Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), Hirshfeld surface, and Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) analyses for interaction elucidation.

Main Results:

  • Negative solvation free energies indicate solution phase stability.
  • The β-PVDF/IL interaction is stronger than α-PVDF/IL, with anion ([BF4]-) interaction being more significant than cation ([BMIM]+) interaction.
  • Improper C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds and weak van der Waals forces govern the interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the detailed interaction mechanisms between PVDF and [BMIM][BF4] ionic liquid.
  • The findings suggest favorable conditions for using this IL as a solvent or component in PVDF-based materials.
  • Computational insights provide a basis for further material design and optimization.