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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Zika virus in workers: Considerations for ongoing exposure prevention.

Christopher K Brown1, Jill M Shugart2

  • 1United States Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Office of Emergency Management and Preparedness, Washington, DC.

American Journal of Industrial Medicine
|April 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Workers face Zika virus exposure risks, especially in affected regions. Guidance from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) helps employers implement controls to prevent occupational Zika virus infections.

Keywords:
Zikaarbovirusinfectious diseasesoccupational healthvector-borne diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Occupational Safety
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Zika virus has caused major epidemics in the Americas and Caribbean since 2015.
  • Ongoing transmission risk exists in over 90 countries, posing occupational exposure threats.
  • Serious health outcomes, including reproductive effects, necessitate workplace protective measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and explain the rationale behind previous OSHA and NIOSH guidance on preventing occupational Zika virus exposure.
  • To provide a framework for implementing workplace controls to mitigate infection risks for at-risk workers.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommendations.
  • Application of the industrial hygiene hierarchy of controls (elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative, PPE) as a framework.

Main Results:

  • Guidance exists to protect workers from Zika virus exposure in various job roles.
  • Understanding the rationale behind recommendations is crucial for effective implementation.
  • The hierarchy of controls provides a systematic approach to infection prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Workplace controls are essential for preventing occupational Zika virus exposures and infections.
  • Adapting and implementing these controls requires understanding the underlying rationale.
  • Protecting diverse worker populations, from outdoor laborers to lab researchers, is critical.