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Related Concept Videos

Stereotype Content Model02:16

Stereotype Content Model

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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Fixed Action Patterns01:06

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A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.
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Groupthink01:34

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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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Schemas01:42

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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
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Stereotypes About Enterotype: the Old and New Ideas.

Mingyue Cheng1, Kang Ning1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular-imaging, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
|April 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The human gut microbiota concept of enterotypes is debated. Current research reviews evidence for and against enterotypes, highlighting the need for larger studies and improved computational methods to understand gut microbial communities.

Keywords:
BiomarkerComputational methodsContinuityEnterotypeGut microbiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Computational biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The concept of enterotypes, classifying human gut microbiota, emerged in 2011.
  • Recent studies have raised questions regarding the existence and reliability of enterotypes.
  • Factors like diet, antibiotics, and age influence gut microbial composition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current perspectives on enterotypes from conceptual and analytical viewpoints.
  • To summarize evidence challenging the enterotype concept.
  • To discuss the application of enterotype concepts in other ecological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on enterotype definition, influencing factors, and analytical methods.
  • Analysis of conceptual and empirical challenges to the enterotype hypothesis.
  • Examination of the extension of enterotype concepts to non-human environments.

Main Results:

  • The definition of enterotypes and factors influencing them (diet, antibiotics, age) are presented.
  • Evidence questioning the robustness and existence of enterotypes is summarized.
  • Current enterotype analysis methodologies are described.

Conclusions:

  • The enterotype concept has been applied to diverse ecological niches beyond the human gut.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes is crucial for characterizing enterotypes.
  • Development of advanced computational models is necessary to capture enterotype dynamics and resilience.