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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.5K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.1K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.0K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.0K
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

541
Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

54.4K
Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors
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Predictive Immune Modeling of Solid Tumors

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RAC1 Takes the Lead in Solid Tumors.

Pradip De1,2, Jennifer Carlson Aske3, Nandini Dey4,5

  • 1Translational Oncology Laboratory, Avera Cancer Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA. Pradip.De@avera.org.

Cells
|April 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

RAC1, a key GTPase, is crucial in cancer development, affecting cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Targeting RAC1-PAK pathways shows promise for novel cancer therapies.

Keywords:
RAC1resistancesolid tumorssub-cellular signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Cellular signaling
  • Oncology

Background:

  • GTPases RAC, RHO, and Cdc42 are vital for cellular functions in development and disease.
  • RAC1 alterations are frequent in various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate RAC1 functions in adult solid tumors, focusing on proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance.
  • To review RAC1 regulation, activation, and its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of RAC1 alteration frequencies using cBioPortal data.
  • Review of literature on RAC1 sub-cellular localization, regulation, and function in tumors.

Main Results:

  • RAC1 significantly influences cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance.
  • RAC1's sub-cellular localization dictates its regulatory mechanisms and functions in tumor cells.

Conclusions:

  • RAC1 is a critical player in oncogenesis, particularly in adult solid tumors.
  • Targeting RAC1-PAK pathways presents a promising strategy for developing novel anti-cancer agents.