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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Dynamic Lung Tumor Tracking for Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiation Therapy
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Functional Adaptation in Radiation Therapy.

Martha M Matuszak1, Rojano Kashani1, Michael Green1

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Seminars in Radiation Oncology
|April 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Adaptive therapy uses functional data from tumors and tissues to personalize radiation oncology. This approach aims to improve patient outcomes but faces challenges in implementation and validation.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Adaptive therapy in radiation oncology aims to improve patient outcomes by adjusting treatment based on real-time information.
  • Functional data, including global markers (blood tests, patient function, circulating tumor material) and functional imaging (PET, MRI, SPECT), offers potential for guiding this adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the types of functional information used in adaptive radiation therapy.
  • To highlight areas where functional adaptation has been studied.
  • To introduce barriers to the widespread clinical implementation of functional adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current functional data sources for adaptive therapy.
  • Discussion of studies investigating functional adaptation in radiation oncology.
  • Identification of challenges in clinical implementation and validation.

Main Results:

  • Functional data from global markers and imaging can inform adaptive radiation therapy.
  • Several research areas demonstrate the potential of functional adaptation.
  • Significant challenges remain, including uncertainty quantification, clinical integration, treatment optimization, and clinical validation.

Conclusions:

  • Functional adaptation holds promise for enhancing radiation oncology outcomes.
  • Overcoming challenges in data integration, uncertainty management, and clinical validation is crucial for widespread adoption.