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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

19.7K
In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
19.7K
Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

26.8K
Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
26.8K
Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

15.5K
Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
15.5K
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

4.6K
Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
4.6K
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

5.1K
The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
5.1K
Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

4.3K
The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
4.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy
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Voluntary Breath-hold Technique for Reducing Heart Dose in Left Breast Radiotherapy

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Adaptive Radiotherapy for Anatomical Changes.

Jan-Jakob Sonke1, Marianne Aznar2, Coen Rasch3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Seminars in Radiation Oncology
|April 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) addresses anatomical changes during cancer treatment by using imaging feedback to adjust radiation plans. This ensures accurate and precise delivery, overcoming challenges in dynamic patient anatomy.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Cancer Therapy

Background:

  • Patient anatomy changes significantly during radiotherapy.
  • These anatomical variations can compromise radiation treatment accuracy.
  • Adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is crucial for maintaining treatment precision.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of anatomical changes during radiotherapy.
  • To review adaptive strategies for managing these changes.
  • To discuss uncertainties, tools, and challenges in ART.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anatomical changes in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
  • Analysis of various adaptive radiotherapy strategies.
  • Discussion of imaging feedback loops for treatment modification.

Main Results:

  • Anatomical changes are common and impact treatment delivery.
  • ART utilizes imaging to quantify and adapt treatment plans.
  • Several adaptive strategies exist to mitigate anatomical variations.

Conclusions:

  • ART is essential for accurate and precise radiation delivery.
  • Addressing residual uncertainties and challenges is key to advancing ART.
  • Further development of tools and strategies is needed for optimal patient outcomes.