Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Comparison of PANAMutyper and PNAClamp for Detecting KRAS Mutations from Patients With Malignant Pleural Effusion
Su Yeon Choi1,2, Hyung Woo Kim1, Sang Hoon Jeon1
1Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Background/Aim:
KRAS is one of the frequently mutated genes in human cancers and often relates with drug resistance and poor prognosis. PANAMutyper™ is a novel technology that integrates PNAClamp™ and PANA S-Melting™. In the present study, PANAMutyper™ and PNAClamp™ were compared for the detection of KRAS mutations using different samples of patients with malignant pleural effusion.
Patients And Methods:
A total of 103 patients (including 56 lung adenocarcinoma, 10 lung squamous carcinoma, 17 small cell lung cancer, 3 large cell lung cancer, 3 stomach cancer, 2 ovarian cancer, and others) with malignant pleural effusion were investigated using matched tumor tissue, cell block, and pleural effusion samples. The diagnostic performance of these two methods was compared.
Results:
KRAS mutations were detected in 18 (17.5%) of 103 patients using tissue, cell block, and pleural effusion samples. All 18 patients with KRAS mutations were detected by PANAMutyper™ using any sample type, however, only 7 cases were detected by PNAClamp™. Among the subtypes of KRAS mutations, substitution in codon 12, 35G>T was the most frequent, followed by substitution in codon 12, 35G>A and codon 12, 34G>A. In pleural effusion specimens, PANAMutyper™ showed a better diagnostic performance compared to PNAClamp™.
Conclusion:
PANAMutyper™ had a diagnostic superiority for the detection of KRAS mutations in patients with malignant pleural effusion compared to PNAClamp™, although there was a concordance between PANAMutyper™ and PNAClamp™ results. Therefore, PANAMutyper™ can be used for a more sensitive and accurate detection of KRAS mutations.
Related Concept Videos
Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
There are two main types of pleural effusion: transudative and exudative. They are differentiated using Light's...
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
A pleural effusion is the abnormal collection of fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura layers of tissue that form the lining of the lungs and chest cavity. It can occur independently or due to surrounding parenchymal diseases, such as infection, malignancy, or inflammatory conditions.
Clinical Manifestations:
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion
Mutations
Mutations
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Viral Mutations

