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The neuronal supply to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for regulating various functions, including digestion, absorption, and movement of food. This intricate network of nerves is known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), often referred to as the "second brain" of the body.
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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Purification of Fibroblasts and Schwann Cells from Sensory and Motor Nerves in Vitro
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A lot of nerve.

Faith A Birnbaum1, Landon C Meekins1, Archana Srinivasan2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|April 29, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Leukemic relapse can present as optic disc edema, even with negative systemic tests. Biopsy confirmed malignant cells in the optic nerve, highlighting this rare presentation.

Keywords:
infiltrative optic neuropathyleukemiaoptic disc edemaoptic nerve biopsyoptic nerve infiltration

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Hematology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors are at risk for relapse.
  • Optic disc edema can have various causes, including infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions.

Observation:

  • A 71-year-old woman with a history of ALL presented with unilateral optic disc edema.
  • Initial investigations including laboratory tests, MRI, and lumbar punctures were negative for malignancy.
  • Optic nerve biopsy revealed malignant cells.

Findings:

  • The case demonstrates biopsy-proven leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve head.
  • This was the presenting sign of leukemic relapse despite a negative systemic workup.

Implications:

  • Leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve is a rare cause of acquired disc edema.
  • Clinicians should consider leukemic relapse in patients with a history of leukemia presenting with optic disc edema.