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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages
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Synchrotron radiation sources in Brazil.

L Liu1, R T Neuenschwander1, A R D Rodrigues1

  • 1Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron , Campinas , Brazil.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Brazil

Area of Science:

  • Accelerator physics and synchrotron radiation technology.
  • Advanced materials science and condensed matter physics enabled by synchrotron light.

Background:

  • Brazil's history in developing synchrotron radiation facilities.
  • The global advancement towards fourth-generation synchrotron light sources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of synchrotron radiation sources in Brazil.
  • To detail the innovative engineering solutions for the Sirius project, a fourth-generation synchrotron light source.

Main Methods:

  • Historical overview of Brazilian synchrotron development.
  • Description of the Sirius project's technical specifications and engineering challenges.
  • Review of novel accelerator engineering developments.

Main Results:

Keywords:
fourth-generation storage ringsynchrotron radiation facility

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  • Sirius is a 3 GeV fourth-generation synchrotron light source nearing completion.
  • Numerous accelerator engineering innovations have been developed for Sirius.
  • The facility will offer advanced research capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The Sirius project represents a significant leap in synchrotron science in Brazil.
  • The project highlights Brazil's capacity for cutting-edge accelerator technology development.
  • Sirius is poised to become a leading global research facility.