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Related Concept Videos

Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
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Newman Projections02:06

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Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
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Coordinates and Map Projections01:29

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Coordinates and map projections are essential tools in accurately representing the Earth's surface for various applications, ranging from navigation to spatial analysis. The latitude and longitude coordinate system is a universally recognized framework for defining locations. Latitude specifies the distance of a point north or south of the equator, measured in degrees from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles. Longitude indicates a location's position east or west of the prime meridian,...
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States of Water01:23

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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The Water Cycle01:00

The Water Cycle

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The Earth’s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
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Drinking Water Microbiome Project: Is it Time?

Natalie M Hull1, Fangqiong Ling2, Ameet J Pinto3

  • 1Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Trends in Microbiology
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This paper calls for global collaboration to establish best practices in drinking water (DW) microbiome research. A coordinated effort is needed for accurate, reproducible meta-omic analysis to understand and control DW microbiomes for public health.

Keywords:
drinking watermeta-omicsmicrobial ecologymicrobiome

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Drinking water (DW) microbiome research requires standardized, reproducible methods.
  • Past microbiome projects offer valuable lessons for future endeavors.
  • Understanding DW microbiomes is crucial for public health protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the necessity of a large-scale, coordinated DW microbiome project.
  • To identify key knowledge gaps in the field.
  • To propose a roadmap for future research and collaboration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing microbiome research methodologies.
  • Identification of challenges in meta-omic techniques for DW environments.
  • Expert opinion and synthesis of current knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Current meta-omic techniques need refinement for accuracy and reproducibility in DW research.
  • Significant knowledge gaps exist in understanding DW microbiome dynamics.
  • A collaborative, large-scale project is essential for progress.

Conclusions:

  • Fostering cross-sectoral and international collaborations is critical.
  • Developing standardized best practices for DW microbiome research is urgently needed.
  • A coordinated project will enable better control of DW microbiomes to safeguard public health.