Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

1.9K
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
1.9K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

11.6K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
11.6K
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

7.3K
Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
7.3K
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

845
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
845
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.5K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.5K
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

666
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
666

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Signatures of adaptive memory search: How early linguistic input shapes strategic use of lexical information.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026
Same author

Elliptical speech reveals the use of broad phonetic categories aids noise-degraded speech perception.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Understanding Variability in Long-Term Psychological Adjustment of Prelingually Deaf Young Adults Implanted During Childhood.

Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology·2025
Same author

Evolving perspectives on speech perception assessment in adults with cochlear implants: Are we using the right tests?

Frontiers in neuroscience·2025
Same author

Externalizing Behaviors in Preschool-Aged Children With Cochlear Implants.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2025
Same author

Alterations in mitochondrial energy metabolites following acute subconcussive head impacts among athletes with and without ADHD.

iScience·2025
Same journal

How does music contribute to well-being? Perspectives from homeless young adults with problematic psychoactive substance use.

Psychology of music·2026
Same journal

A scoping review and categorization of music and health psychometric inventories.

Psychology of music·2026
Same journal

The impact of musicking on emotion regulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Psychology of music·2024
Same journal

Emotional and musical factors combined with song-specific age predict the subjective autobiographical saliency of music in older adults.

Psychology of music·2024
Same journal

Independent music-making during Covid-19 and mental health.

Psychology of music·2024
Same journal

Reminiscence bump invariance with respect to genre, age, and country.

Psychology of music·2023
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles
08:44

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Published on: January 3, 2017

8.0K

Visual-spatial sequence learning and memory in trained musicians.

Esperanza M Anaya1, David B Pisoni2,3, William G Kronenberger3,4

  • 1Department of Behavioral Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA.

Psychology of Music
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Musicians demonstrate superior visual-spatial sequence learning and memory compared to nonmusicians. This enhanced ability in visual-spatial skills may be linked to the complex sensory-motor demands of musical training.

Keywords:
auditory perception/cognitionmemoryrecallsensori-motor skillsspatial abilities

More Related Videos

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
07:01

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

5.2K
Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke
09:45

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Published on: March 22, 2016

10.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles
08:44

Assessing Spatial Learning and Memory in Small Squamate Reptiles

Published on: January 3, 2017

8.0K
Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
07:01

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Published on: September 20, 2020

5.2K
Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke
09:45

Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke

Published on: March 22, 2016

10.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Auditory and Music Perception

Background:

  • Musicians exhibit enhanced visual-spatial abilities and sensory-motor skills.
  • Musical training involves associating sensory input with fine motor actions and processing symbolic information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess visual-spatial sequence learning and memory in long-term musicians.
  • To compare the performance of musicians and nonmusicians on cognitive tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 24 highly trained musicians and 24 nonmusicians.
  • Administered a visual-spatial sequence learning task.
  • Included receptive vocabulary, nonverbal reasoning, and short-term memory assessments.

Main Results:

  • Musicians showed significantly enhanced visual-spatial sequence learning compared to nonmusicians.
  • Musicians outperformed nonmusicians in vocabulary and nonverbal reasoning.
  • The advantage in visual-spatial sequencing persisted after controlling for other cognitive abilities.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term musical training enhances visual-spatial sequence learning abilities.
  • Underlying differences in visual-spatial and sensory-motor skills may result from musical experience.
  • These findings highlight the profound impact of musical engagement on cognitive functions.