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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

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Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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Esters to Alcohols: Hydride Reductions01:17

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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
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Alcoholism Identification Based on an AlexNet Transfer Learning Model.

Shui-Hua Wang1,2,3, Shipeng Xie4, Xianqing Chen5

  • 1School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, China.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an AI approach using AlexNet for alcoholism identification from brain MRIs. The method achieved high accuracy, aiding radiologists in diagnosing alcoholism.

Keywords:
AlexNetalcoholismconvolutional neural networkdata augmentationdropoutlocal response normalizationmagnetic resonance imagingtransfer learning

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Alcoholism poses significant health risks, necessitating accurate diagnostic tools.
  • Radiologists require efficient methods for identifying alcoholism in patient scans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel artificial intelligence (AI) approach for alcoholism identification.
  • To enhance radiologists' diagnostic capabilities in routine patient screening.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized AlexNet as a foundational transfer learning model.
  • Implemented transfer learning with specific learning rate configurations.
  • Evaluated five distinct transfer learning replacement strategies.

Main Results:

  • Replacing the final fully connected layer yielded optimal performance.
  • Achieved high diagnostic metrics: 97.44% sensitivity, 97.41% specificity, 97.34% precision, 97.42% accuracy, and 97.37% F1 score.
  • Demonstrated robust performance on the test dataset.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed AI method effectively assists radiologists in alcoholism screening.
  • Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis using this approach shows promise for early detection.