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Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Chromatin Packaging02:21

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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes
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Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes

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Chromatin Evolution-Key Innovations Underpinning Morphological Complexity.

Mohsen Hajheidari1, Csaba Koncz2,3, Marcel Bucher1

  • 1Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary innovations like gene duplication and changes in chromatin structure fueled the development of complex transcriptional regulation, enabling eukaryotic cell diversity and morphological evolution from single-celled life.

Keywords:
chromatinevolutiongene duplicationmicrobiotamorphological complexitysymbiosistranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Life's history involves major transitions, notably the evolution of complex multicellular eukaryotes from unicellular ancestors.
  • Multicellular organisms exhibit diverse cell types with distinct structures and functions, despite sharing the same genome.
  • Cellular differentiation arises from differential gene activity, highlighting the importance of transcriptional regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of gene duplication and evolutionary innovations in the complexity of eukaryotic transcriptional systems.
  • To explore how these advancements provided a foundation for morphological diversity.
  • To connect changes in nucleosomes and chromatin factors to the evolution of transcriptional complexity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing findings on gene duplication events.
  • Analysis of evolutionary innovations in nucleosome structure and chromatin-related factors.
  • Integration of genetic and developmental biology perspectives on transcriptional regulation.

Main Results:

  • Gene duplication events have been crucial in expanding the repertoire of regulatory elements.
  • Structural evolution of nucleosomes and chromatin modifiers facilitated more sophisticated gene expression control.
  • These combined factors significantly contributed to the development of complex transcriptional networks.

Conclusions:

  • Complex transcriptional regulation, driven by gene duplication and chromatin evolution, is fundamental to eukaryotic complexity.
  • This regulatory complexity underpins the morphological diversity observed in multicellular eukaryotes.
  • Understanding these evolutionary processes offers insights into the origins of biological form and function.