Energetic Ion Injections Inside Geosynchronous Orbit: Convection- and Drift-Dominated, Charge-Dependent Adiabatic...

Particle injection, a major mode of plasma transport and energization throughout the magnetosphere, has been studied for decades. Nonetheless, the physical processes that lead to the acceleration and transport of very energetic ions in the inner magnetosphere during injection events are still under debate. In this paper, we analyze several injection events occurring near the Van Allen Probes apogee. Our analysis shows that the highest energy of an injected ion population depends on the charge state of that population. We show that most of the helium injected is doubly ionized (He⁺⁺), while oxygen charge states are consistent with the presence of both ionospheric (O⁺) and solar wind (O⁶⁺) source populations. Based on the findings of our data analysis and with the use of a simple model, we demonstrate that the behavior of each injection of energetic ions near the Van Allen Probes apogee (5 < L < 7 R _E) is well explained by simple adiabatic or nearly adiabatic transport within flow channels from higher L (≥10 R _E) with velocities at 10 R _E ranging between ~200 and 2,000 km/s and falling with inward transport consistent with fixed potential drops across the flow channels. Gradient/curvature drift during transport limits the highest energy/charge observed for each injection at the Van Allen Probes. Even at the highest measured ion energies where gyroradius and scattering effects might be expected to appear, energization depends on charge state but not on ion mass.