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The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Interactions Between Item Set and Vocoding in Serial Recall.

Adam K Bosen, Mary C Luckasen

    Ear and Hearing
    |April 30, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Low-quality audio impairs short-term memory for words and nonwords, but not digits. This effect depends on the stimulus set used, highlighting the importance of stimulus selection in memory research.

    Area of Science:

    • Auditory Perception
    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Serial recall of digits is a common measure of short-term memory.
    • Digits' phonological distinctiveness may mask effects of degraded auditory input.
    • Larger stimulus sets can increase cognitive load and reduce accuracy in low-quality auditory conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the interaction between auditory quality and stimulus set in short-term memory.
    • To determine if this interaction is linked to processing speed, vocabulary, or attention.

    Main Methods:

    • Compared immediate serial recall in young adults with normal hearing under unprocessed and vocoded conditions.
    • Used stimulus sets of digits, consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words, and CVC nonwords.

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  • Measured receptive vocabulary, sustained attention, and item repetition speed.

    • Main Results:

    • Vocoding reduced memory span for words and nonwords, attributed to phonological confusions and lexical status.
    • Memory span for digits was unaffected by vocoding.
    • Vocabulary and attention were not correlated with memory span; repetition speed did not predict memory span.

    Conclusions:

    • Low-quality auditory input impairs short-term memory, with the effect being sensitive to the stimulus set.
    • Using diverse stimulus sets in degraded listening conditions can differentiate memory capacity from item identification.
    • Findings aid in understanding the relationship between memory and speech recognition in challenging auditory environments.