Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
Published on: January 10, 2025
Current Concepts in Feminizing Gender Surgery
Bauback Safa1, Walter C Lin1, Ali M Salim1
1From The Buncke Clinic; the Department of Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, San Francisco; the Deschamps-Braly Clinic; and the Department of Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles.
Learning Objectives:
After reading this article and viewing the video, the participant should be able to: 1. Discuss appropriate treatment guidelines, including preoperative mental health and hormonal treatment before gender-affirmation surgery. 2. Name various surgical options for facial, chest, and genital feminization. 3. Recognize key steps and anatomy during facial feminization, feminizing mammaplasty, and vaginoplasty. 4. Discuss major risks and complications of vaginoplasty.
Summary:
Transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals may experience conflict between their gender identity and their gender assigned at birth. With recent advances in health care and societal support, appropriate treatment has become newly accessible and has generated increased demand for gender-affirming care, which is globally guided by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. This CME article reviews key terminology and standards of care, and provides an overview of various feminizing gender-affirming surgical procedures.
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