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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis01:21

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Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
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Atomic Mass01:52

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Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
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Molar Mass01:54

Molar Mass

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The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, water, H2O, and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, are alike in that their respective molecules are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. However, because a hydrogen peroxide molecule contains two oxygen atoms, as opposed to the water molecule, which has only one, the two substances exhibit very different properties.
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Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis...
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Fat mass changes during menopause: a metaanalysis.

Ananthan Ambikairajah1, Erin Walsh1, Hossein Tabatabaei-Jafari1

  • 1Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause significantly increases overall fat mass in women, primarily due to aging. While leg fat decreases, central fat accumulation rises post-menopause, suggesting hormonal influences on fat distribution.

Keywords:
BMIDEXAadipositybody fat percentagefat massfemalemenopausepostmenopausalpremenopausalwaist circumference

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Body Composition Analysis

Background:

  • Aging women experience increased fat mass, but the role of menopausal status is not fully understood.
  • Understanding changes in fat mass and distribution is crucial for women's health during aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare fat mass quantity and distribution between premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
  • To investigate the moderating effects of age and menopausal status on fat mass.
  • To identify the most effective measures for detecting fat mass differences.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis of 201 cross-sectional and 11 longitudinal studies.
  • Inclusion of over 1 million individuals (478,734 premenopausal, 571,185 postmenopausal women).
  • Analysis of various fat mass measures including BMI, body weight, body fat percentage, and circumferences.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in overall fat mass (BMI, body weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, hip circumference, visceral fat, trunk fat) were observed in postmenopausal women.
  • Total leg fat percentage significantly decreased post-menopause.
  • No interactive effects between menopausal status and age were found.

Conclusions:

  • Increased fat mass in postmenopausal women is mainly attributed to age, with menopause having no significant additional impact on overall quantity.
  • Changes in fat distribution, specifically decreased leg fat and increased central fat, suggest hormonal influences post-menopause.
  • Monitoring central fat accumulation after menopause and overall fat mass throughout life is recommended.