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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Calcium Phosphate Transfection of Primary Hippocampal Neurons
Published on: November 12, 2013
Poly(amido amine) and rechargeable adhesive containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles for long-term dentin
Kunneng Liang1, Yuan Gao1, Shimeng Xiao1
1State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Objectives:
The objective of the present study was to investigate long-term dentin remineralization via the combination of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) with a novel rechargeable adhesive containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP).
Methods:
The NACP adhesive was immersed in lactic acid at pH 4 to exhaust its calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ion release, and then recharged with Ca and P ions. Dentin samples were pre-demineralized with 37% phosphoric acid, and then divided into four groups: (1) dentin control, (2) dentin treated with PAMAM, (3) dentin with recharged NACP adhesive, (4) dentin with PAMAM + recharged NACP adhesive. In group (2) and (4), the PAMAM-coated dentin was immersed in phosphate-buffered saline with vigorous shaking for 77 days to accelerate any detachment of the PAMAM macromolecules from the demineralized dentin. Samples were treated with a cyclic remineralization/demineralization regimen for 21 days.
Results:
After 77 days of fluid flow challenge, the immersed PAMAM still retained its nucleation template function. The recharged NACP adhesive possessed sustained ion re-release and acid-neutralization capability, both of which did not decrease with repeated recharge and re-release cycles. The immersed PAMAM with the recharged NACP adhesive achieved long-term dentin remineralization, and restored dentin hardness to that of healthy dentin.
Conclusions:
The PAMAM + NACP adhesive completely remineralizes pre-demineralized dentin even after long-term fluid challenges and provides long-term remineralization to protect tooth structures.
Clinical Significance:
The novel PAMAM + NACP adhesive provides long-term bond protection and caries inhibition to increase the longevity of resin-based restorations.
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