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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:10

Transcription

155.9K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
155.9K
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

82.3K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
82.3K
Switching of BJT01:22

Switching of BJT

822
Switching behavior in Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) is a fundamental aspect utilized in various electronic circuits, particularly for digital logic applications like switches and amplifiers. In a typical switching circuit, a BJT alternates between cut-off and saturation modes, corresponding to the "off" and "on" states, respectively, thus behaving like an ideal switch.
Cut-off Mode ("Off" State): In this state, both the emitter-base and collector-base junctions are...
822
Transcription Elongation Factors02:35

Transcription Elongation Factors

13.5K
Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions during transcription. In bacteria, these halts are necessary because the transcription of DNA into mRNA is coupled to the translation of that mRNA...
13.5K
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

7.7K
Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
7.7K
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

18.2K
Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
18.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants
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The AP-1 transcriptional complex: Local switch or remote command?

Fabienne Bejjani1, Emilie Evanno2, Kazem Zibara3

  • 1Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences - I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews on Cancer
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors are crucial for cellular functions and tumorigenesis. Genome-wide studies reveal AP-1 primarily acts remotely on enhancers, regulating gene expression through chromatin dynamics.

Keywords:
AP-1EnhancerFosJunPromoterTranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) complex is a critical transcription factor family involved in numerous cellular processes.
  • AP-1 plays a significant role in gene expression regulation and is implicated in various tumorigenic pathways.
  • The precise mechanisms by which AP-1 controls gene transcription have been a long-standing question in molecular biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the genome-wide mechanisms of AP-1 transcriptional regulation.
  • To understand the role of chromatin architecture in AP-1-mediated gene expression.
  • To identify novel regulatory constraints and mechanisms governing AP-1 activity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized "omics" technologies for genome-wide studies of transcription factor binding.
  • Analyzed transcription factor binding sites in relation to transcription start sites (TSS).
  • Investigated the impact of AP-1 binding on chromatin structure and accessibility.

Main Results:

  • Genome-wide studies reveal AP-1 primarily binds to distal enhancers, not just near transcription start sites (TSS).
  • Chromatin architecture dynamics are central to AP-1's transcriptional control.
  • Novel AP-1 regulatory constraints and mechanisms, including transcription pioneering and chromatin remodeling, were identified.

Conclusions:

  • AP-1 functions predominantly as a remote regulator of gene expression via distal enhancers.
  • Chromatin dynamics are fundamental to AP-1's role in cellular functions and disease.
  • New insights into AP-1-mediated gene regulation provide a basis for understanding its involvement in tumorigenesis.