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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision
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Precision Medicine in Internal Medicine.

Krzysztof Kiryluk1, David B Goldstein1, John W Rowe2

  • 1College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York (K.K., D.B.G., A.G.G., R.W., W.K.C.).

Annals of Internal Medicine
|April 30, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Precision medicine uses genetic information for tailored patient care, aiming to improve outcomes and reduce interventions. Challenges include variant interpretation, privacy, and cost, addressed by a new clinical series.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and personalized healthcare

Background:

  • Precision medicine leverages individual genetic data for tailored medical care.
  • Advancements in genetic sequencing enable personalized diagnostic and treatment strategies.
  • Despite potential, challenges in genetic variant interpretation, privacy, and cost persist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce clinicians to the fundamentals of clinical genetic sequencing.
  • To guide the application of precision medicine in internal medicine practice.
  • To address the interpretation of genetic test results and associated ethical, legal, and privacy concerns.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of clinical sequencing, focusing on germline variation.
  • Introduction to a case-based series on precision medicine scenarios.
  • Discussion of clinical indications, result interpretation, and practical considerations.

Main Results:

  • Highlights the growing importance of genetic sequencing in medicine.
  • Identifies key limitations and challenges in current precision medicine implementation.
  • Emphasizes the need for practical guidance for clinicians.

Conclusions:

  • Precision medicine offers tailored care but faces interpretation and ethical hurdles.
  • A new series aims to equip internal medicine physicians with knowledge on clinical genomics.
  • The series will provide practical insights for integrating genetic testing into routine practice.