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Related Concept Videos

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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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The outcome of any hypothesis testing leads to rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. This decision is taken based on the analysis of the data, an appropriate test statistic, an appropriate confidence level, the critical values, and P-values. However, when the evidence suggests that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected, is it right to say, 'Accept' the null hypothesis?
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Treating Low Back Pain in Failed Back Surgery Patients with Multicolumn-lead Spinal Cord Stimulation
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[Failed epidural analgesia during birth].

Yagmur Sisman1, Kim Ekelund, Jeanett Strandbygaard

  • 1sismanyagmur@gmail.com.

Ugeskrift for Laeger
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Failed epidural analgesia (FEA) lacks a clear definition, leading to varied incidence rates. This review examines FEA definitions, risk factors, and proposes strategies for improvement.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Epidural analgesia is a primary pain relief method during childbirth, utilized in 25% of Danish births.
  • Lack of a standardized definition for failed epidural analgesia (FEA) complicates incidence reporting.
  • Reported FEA incidence varies widely, ranging from 8.5% to 23%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing definitions of failed epidural analgesia (FEA).
  • To identify risk factors associated with FEA.
  • To propose recommendations for reducing FEA incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies defining and reporting on failed epidural analgesia.
  • Analysis of identified risk factors for FEA.

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  • Synthesis of findings to formulate recommendations.

    • Main Results:

    • Multiple definitions of FEA exist in the literature.
    • Significant variation in reported FEA incidence (8.5-23%) is likely due to definitional differences.
    • Several risk factors contributing to FEA have been identified.

    Conclusions:

    • A unified definition of FEA is crucial for accurate incidence assessment and research.
    • Addressing identified risk factors may help minimize FEA occurrences.
    • Standardized protocols are needed to improve epidural analgesia effectiveness and patient outcomes.