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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Electron Orbital Model

Electron Orbital Model

Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Surgical Orbital Anatomy.

Shirley Hu^1,2, Patrick Colley^1,2

¹Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery

|May 1, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This article reviews orbital anatomy, focusing on surgical aspects and approaches. It details the orbit

Keywords:

globe orbital anatomy surgical

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neurosurgery
Anatomy

Background:

The orbit, a pyramidal structure, separates facial skeletons and contains foramina and fissures.
It serves as an attachment site for muscles, ligaments, and capsules.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the anatomy of the orbit, emphasizing surgical considerations.
To include a brief discussion of the ocular globe.

Main Methods:

Review of anatomical literature.
Description of surgical approaches.

Main Results:

Detailed review of orbital walls, apex, and base.
Identification of foramina, fissures, and bony irregularities relevant to surgery.

Conclusions:

Understanding orbital surgical anatomy is crucial for various surgical techniques.
Minimally invasive endoscopic approaches offer new possibilities in orbital surgery.