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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Electron Orbital Model

Electron Orbital Model

Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

Considerations in Orbital Exenteration.

Mofiyinfolu Sokoya¹, Jason E Cohn², Scott Kohlert¹

¹Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Fort Worth, Texas.

Seminars in Plastic Surgery

|May 1, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Orbital exenteration (OE) is a major surgery for advanced eye and surrounding area tumors. Careful planning, multidisciplinary assessment, and tailored reconstruction are crucial for successful outcomes and patient recovery.

Keywords:

globe resection orbital exenteration orbital invasion

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Published on: October 31, 2016

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Surgical Oncology
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Orbital exenteration (OE) is a radical surgical procedure.
It is indicated for primary tumors of the eye, oral cavity, paranasal sinuses, skin, and brain.
OE can lead to significant psychosocial disability and functional impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the critical considerations for performing orbital exenteration.
To emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary assessment and tailored reconstruction.
To highlight the need for comprehensive follow-up and rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

Review of indications for orbital exenteration.
Discussion of the necessity for careful consideration of local control and cure likelihood.
Emphasis on multidisciplinary work-up prior to surgery.
Consideration of reconstruction methods tailored to patient-specific defects and needs.
Importance of arranged follow-up and rehabilitation.

Main Results:

Orbital exenteration is a complex procedure with significant implications.
Successful outcomes depend on meticulous pre-operative evaluation and surgical planning.
Reconstruction and rehabilitation strategies are vital for functional recovery.

Conclusions:

Orbital exenteration requires careful patient selection and thorough multidisciplinary evaluation.
Reconstruction must be individualized to the specific defect and patient requirements.
Postoperative care, including follow-up and rehabilitation, is essential for managing the functional and psychosocial impact of OE.