Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Living Cells That Interface with Programmable Materials
Published on: March 9, 2017
Enthesis Tissue Engineering: Biological Requirements Meet at the Interface
Isabel Calejo1,2, Raquel Costa-Almeida1,2, Rui L Reis1,2,3
113B's Research Group, I3Bs-Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal.
Impact Statement:
The main goal of this review is to give an overview of cell-based and tissue engineered strategies for tendon-to-bone interface. The essential role of cells in tendon-to-bone interface development, healing, and regeneration, is underpinned by the physiological status of the junction. Therefore, recent studies underlining the effect of oxygen concentration and production of growth factors are reviewed. A critical view is made on the use of two-dimensional versus three-dimensional culture systems and mechanical stimulation. An overview of advances on bioengineered strategies in light of the biological/cellular requirements of enthesis will contribute to innovations in tendon-to-bone engineering and regeneration.
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