[Leg ulcers (ulcus cruris): The frequent macrovascular causes]

Leg ulcers (ulcus cruris): The frequent macrovascular causes Abstract. Four pathologies make up the macrovascular etiologies of leg uclers: Venous leg ulcers (50 %), mixed venous-arterial leg ulcers (20 %), arterial leg ulcers (5 %), and Martorell hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer (5 %). The remaining 20 % concern a large array of other etiologies. Every leg ulcer requires vascular (arterial and venous) work-up, that can be completed with microbiology, biopsy, and more in-depth internal diagnostics, as indicated. Venous leg ulcers are treated with compression therapy. Incompetent saphenous veins and tributaries are abolished if the deep venous system is patent. Occluded iliac veins are recanalised and stented, as possible. Refractory venous leg ulcers are grafted with split skin or punch grafts, depending on their surface. Extensive dermatolipofasciosclerosis may be tangentially removed by shave therapy or fasciectomy, that can be combined with negative pressure wound treatment (NPWT). Skin equivalents are an alternative to treat superficial venous leg ulcers that fail to epithelialise. Their indication in the treatment of more complex leg ulcers still needs to be better investigated and understood. The use of dermal matrices leads to more stable scars. Mixed venous-arterial leg ulcers heal slower and recur more frequently. Compression needs to be reduced. Refractory cases require arterial revascularisation, to transform the mixed venous-arterial into a venous leg ulcer. Arterial leg ulcers require arterial revascularization and split skin graft. Martorell hypertensive ischemic leg ulcer is still underrecognised and often confounded with with pyoderma gangrenosum, which leads therapy into a wrong direction. Necrosectomy, antibiotic treatment in the presence of relevant bacterial superinfection, and repeated split skin grafts eventually heal the vast majority of these extremely painful and potentially mortal wounds.