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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes-induced Proteome Changes Throughout Development.

Dina Johar1, Sara M Ahmed2, Samer El Hayek3

  • 1Biomedical Science Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt and Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Ain Shams University Faculty of Women for Arts, Sciences and Education, Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders Drug Targets
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) involves insulin secretion issues and is linked to hypertension and kidney disease. Understanding its molecular basis, particularly oxidative stress and UPR, is key to developing better therapies.

Keywords:
Diabetes mellitusendoplasmic reticulum stressorganogenesisproteomestress signalingunfolded protein response.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells.
  • DM is associated with significant comorbidities, including hypertension, renal disease, and microvascular complications.
  • The disease disrupts glucose homeostasis, impacting multiple organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular underpinnings of glucose homeostasis disruption in DM.
  • To explore the links between pancreatic, renal, and microvascular pathologies in DM.
  • To highlight the roles of oxidative stress and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in DM pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes current research on the molecular mechanisms of DM.
  • It examines the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in DM development.
  • Focuses on biomolecular changes related to glucose metabolism and associated diseases.

Main Results:

  • Type 1 DM involves autoimmune beta-cell destruction, while Type 2 DM features insulin resistance and beta-cell overload.
  • Both types result in insulin deficiency, with Type 2 also involving insulin resistance.
  • Oxidative stress and UPR are identified as central molecular links connecting pancreatic, renal, and microvascular damage in DM.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the molecular basis of DM, including proteome changes, is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting oxidative stress and UPR pathways may offer novel treatment avenues for DM and its complications.
  • Further research into proteomic alterations can lead to more effective and personalized diabetes management.