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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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In Vitro Tumor Cell Rechallenge For Predictive Evaluation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Antitumor Function
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Novel approaches to promote CAR T-cell function in solid tumors.

Caroline M Hull1, John Maher1,2,3

  • 1a School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences , King's College London, Division of Cancer Studies, Guy's Hospital , London , UK.

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

CAR T-cell therapy shows promise for solid tumors, overcoming challenges like target scarcity and the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Next-generation strategies are being developed to enhance effectiveness against various cancers.

Keywords:
CAR T cellChimeric antigen receptorcancersolid tumor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunotherapy
  • Oncology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • CAR T-cell therapy has revolutionized hematologic cancer treatment.
  • Significant hurdles impede CAR T-cell application in solid tumors, including target identification and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors.
  • To address challenges in deploying CAR T-cell immunotherapy against solid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current challenges in CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors.
  • Discussion of novel synthetic biology and genome editing strategies.
  • Consideration of next-generation CAR T-cell approaches.

Main Results:

  • Identification of target scarcity and TME as key obstacles.
  • Emerging synthetic biology and combinatorial strategies to enhance specificity.
  • Advancements in genome editing for universal CAR T-cell production.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation CAR T-cell therapies hold promise for solid tumors.
  • Overcoming TME-mediated immunosuppression is crucial for success.
  • Synthetic biology and genome editing are key enablers for future CAR T-cell applications.