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Related Concept Videos

Resistors In Series01:10

Resistors In Series

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A resistor is an ohmic device that limits the flow of charge in a circuit. Most circuits have more than one resistor. If several resistors are connected together and connected to a battery, the current supplied by the battery depends on the equivalent resistance of the circuit. The equivalent resistance of a combination of resistors depends on both their individual values and how they are connected. The simplest combination of resistors is the series combination. 
In a series circuit, the...
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Series Resonance01:17

Series Resonance

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The RLC circuit impedance is defined as the ratio of the supply voltage to the circuit current. Resonance in such a circuit occurs when the imaginary part of this impedance equals zero. This specific condition means that the inductive reactance is exactly equal to the capacitive reactance. The frequency at which this happens is known as the resonant frequency. Mathematically, the resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the inductance (L) and capacitance...
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Trigonometric Fourier series01:17

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Fourier series is a foundational mathematical technique that decomposes periodic functions into an infinite series of sinusoidal harmonics. This method enables the representation of complex periodic signals as sums of simple sine and cosine functions, facilitating their analysis and interpretation in various fields, including signal processing, acoustics, and electrical engineering.
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Convergence of Fourier Series01:21

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The Fourier series is a powerful mathematical tool for representing periodic signals as an infinite sum of complex exponentials. In practice, this infinite series is truncated to a finite number of terms, yielding a partial sum. This truncation makes the approximation of the signal feasible but introduces certain challenges, particularly near discontinuities, known as the Gibbs phenomenon.
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Series R—L Circuit Transients01:22

Series R—L Circuit Transients

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In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
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Series and Parallel Capacitors01:14

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Capacitors, fundamental components in electronic circuits, can be connected in series and/or parallel configurations. Each configuration has different impacts on the overall behavior of the circuit.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Zonisamide for Cluster Headache Prophylaxis: A Case Series.

Allison L Limmer1, Levi C Holland1, Brian D Loftus1,2

  • 1McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA.

Headache
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Zonisamide shows promise as an effective prophylactic treatment for both chronic and episodic cluster headaches. This study found that 70% of patients experienced significant symptom reduction with zonisamide therapy.

Keywords:
clustercluster headacheheadachetreatmentzonisamide

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cluster headaches are debilitating and often resistant to existing treatments.
  • Limited research exists on prophylactic zonisamide for cluster headaches.
  • Zonisamide, an antiepileptic, has shown efficacy in other headache disorders like migraine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of zonisamide for cluster headache prophylaxis.
  • To assess zonisamide's utility in both chronic and episodic cluster headache patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective evaluation of 20 patients with episodic or chronic cluster headache treated with zonisamide.
  • Effectiveness defined as >50% reduction in headache severity or frequency.
  • Recorded responder status, side effects, and dosage.

Main Results:

  • 70% of patients (14/20) responded to zonisamide treatment.
  • Effective plasma zonisamide levels ranged from 10.2 to 31.9 μg/mL.
  • Common side effects included gastrointestinal upset and malaise; 8 patients experienced beneficial weight loss.

Conclusions:

  • Zonisamide demonstrates potential as an effective prophylactic agent for cluster headaches.
  • Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and optimize treatment protocols.