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Related Concept Videos

Per-Unit Sequence Models01:26

Per-Unit Sequence Models

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An ideal Y-Y transformer, grounded through neutral impedances, displays per-unit sequence networks akin to those of a single-phase ideal transformer when subjected to balanced positive- or negative-sequence currents. These currents do not produce neutral currents, and their associated voltage drops.
Zero-sequence currents, which are identical in magnitude and phase, generate a neutral current, resulting in voltage drops across the neutral impedance and the low-voltage winding. If the...
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Measurement: Derived Units03:02

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The International System of Units or SI system, by international agreement, has fixed measurement units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. These are called the SI base units.
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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Tracking Staphylococcus aureus in the intensive care unit using whole-genome sequencing.

S J Dancer1, C E Adams2, J Smith3

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Hairmyres Hospital, Glasgow, UK; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.

The Journal of Hospital Infection
|May 1, 2019
PubMed
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Colonized patients frequently reintroduce Staphylococcus aureus into ICUs, with most infections originating from patients themselves. Patient screening and surface cleaning are key to controlling staphylococcal spread.

Keywords:
Critical careEpidemiologyStaphylococcus aureusWhole-genome sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Staphylococcus aureus is a significant global bacterial pathogen.
  • This study investigated S. aureus transmission within an intensive care unit (ICU).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To track Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) between ecological reservoirs in an ICU.
  • To identify transmission pathways and sources of S. aureus in a healthcare setting.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic screening of surfaces, staff hands, air, and patients over 10 months.
  • Whole-genome sequencing and spa typing of S. aureus isolates for epidemiological analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified 34 transmission events, with 29 highly related (<25 SNPs).
  • Over half (59%) of transmissions were autogenous spread from colonized patients.
  • Cross-transmission between patients and to hand-touch sites occurred (12% each).
  • Airborne S. aureus linked to staff hands and bedrails in 12% of events.

Conclusions:

  • Colonized patients are primary sources of S. aureus introduction and spread within the ICU.
  • Hand-touch surfaces act as short-term reservoirs, posing a risk to subsequent patients.
  • Patient screening, surface cleaning, and hand hygiene are crucial for S. aureus control in ICUs.