Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

51.3K
Overview
51.3K
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

990
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
990
Diode: Reverse bias01:14

Diode: Reverse bias

1.9K
A diode is reverse-biased when the positive terminal of an external voltage source is connected to the n-type material and the negative terminal to the p-type material. This configuration opposes the natural direction of current flow through the diode, effectively increasing the width of the depletion region and the barrier potential. The reverse bias condition produces a minimal leakage current, primarily due to minority charge carriers. This leakage becomes significant when the reverse...
1.9K
Reversible and Irreversible Processes01:14

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

5.6K
The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are called reversible processes. It is only possible if the process is in quasi-static equilibrium, i.e., it takes place in infinitesimally small steps, and the system remains at equilibrium However, these are ideal processes and do not occur naturally. An ideal system undergoing a reversible process is always in thermodynamic equilibrium within...
5.6K
Modeling of Diode Reverse Characteristics01:14

Modeling of Diode Reverse Characteristics

614
In electronic circuits, reverse-biased diode configurations are critical for regulating voltage levels. Zener diodes exploit the reverse breakdown phenomenon and exhibit a controlled breakdown at a specific Zener voltage (VZ). They are designed to maintain a constant voltage across their terminals and are commonly used for voltage regulation in circuits.
When a reverse voltage applied to a Zener diode exceeds its breakdown voltage, the diode enters the breakdown region. At this point, the...
614
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

3.2K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
3.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

GMMA as delivery system for Klebsiella pneumoniae O-antigens and K-antigens.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Perspective on the pathogenic Neisseria: milestones, challenges, and future directions.

NPJ vaccines·2026
Same author

Editorial: Expert opinions: save the microbes to save the planet.

Frontiers in microbiology·2025
Same author

Temporal and Spatial Profiling of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 Surface Proteome: Insights into Intestinal Colonisation Dynamics In Vivo.

Proteomes·2025
Same author

Global antimicrobial resistance-The ostrich's head is in the sand.

PLoS biology·2025
Same author

Correction: Intestinal pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>: insights for vaccine development.

Frontiers in microbiology·2025
Same journal

Mechanistic constraints in dengue severity: a systematic review with evidence stratification and agent-based evaluation of logical sufficiency.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

Circadian control of immune homeostasis in cardiovascular health and disease.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

An IHC-derived TLS-CD8-macrophage immune niche score predicts major pathological response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in resectable NSCLC.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

AF6 orchestrates macrophage polarization via JAK2-STAT3 signaling and supports intestinal regeneration by stimulating stem cell proliferation.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

Restoring immune homeostasis in the spinal microenvironment: targeting mechano-inflammation and immunometabolic reprogramming.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same journal

A self-perpetuating neuron-intrinsic GSDMD-mtDNA-AIM2 inflammasome axis drives neuronal pyroptosis and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development
09:03

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

Published on: June 19, 2018

9.2K

The Development of a Vaccine Against Meningococcus B Using Reverse Vaccinology.

Vega Masignani1, Mariagrazia Pizza1, E Richard Moxon2

  • 1GSK Vaccines, Siena, Italy.

Frontiers in Immunology
|May 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reverse vaccinology, using whole genome sequencing, identified multiple antigens for a Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccine. The four-component 4CMenB vaccine demonstrated 83% effectiveness against invasive MenB disease with no safety concerns.

Keywords:
4CMenB vaccineNeisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB)antigenic variabilitycross protectionreverse vaccinologystrain coverage

More Related Videos

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells
10:03

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

Published on: August 1, 2013

17.5K
Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development
12:53

Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development

Published on: March 16, 2022

2.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development
09:03

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

Published on: June 19, 2018

9.2K
Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells
10:03

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

Published on: August 1, 2013

17.5K
Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development
12:53

Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development

Published on: March 16, 2022

2.2K

Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Genomics
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Classical vaccine development relies on hypothesis-driven laboratory analysis.
  • Whole genome sequencing (WGS) enables identification of vaccine antigens through reverse vaccinology.
  • Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) poses a significant public health challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply reverse vaccinology to identify potential vaccine antigens for MenB.
  • To develop and evaluate a multi-component vaccine against MenB.
  • To assess the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of the developed vaccine in clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of the complete genome sequence of MenB to identify surface-exposed proteins.
  • Cloning, expression, and immunization of candidate antigens in mice.
  • Serum bactericidal activity assays to select protective antigens and evaluate vaccine effectiveness.
  • Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials to assess safety, immunogenicity, and effectiveness of the 4CMenB vaccine.

Main Results:

  • Hundreds of potential surface-exposed antigens were identified from the MenB genome.
  • A multivalent vaccine (4CMenB) comprising three recombinant antigens (NHBA, fHbp, NadA) and an outer membrane vesicle component (OMVNz) was formulated.
  • 4CMenB demonstrated 83% effectiveness against invasive MenB disease with no safety concerns.
  • The vaccine was approved in Europe in 2013 and introduced in the UK's National Immunization Program in 2015.

Conclusions:

  • Reverse vaccinology is an effective approach for identifying vaccine candidates.
  • The 4CMenB vaccine provides significant protection against invasive MenB disease.
  • The vaccine is safe and well-tolerated, supporting its use in public health programs.