Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Intravascular Perfusion of Carbon Black Ink Allows Reliable Visualization of Cerebral Vessels
Published on: January 4, 2013
A hidden Markov model for describing turbostratic disorder applied to carbon blacks and graphene
Allen G Hart1, Thomas C Hansen2, Werner F Kuhs3
1University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Abstract:
A mathematical framework is presented to represent turbostratic disorder in materials like carbon blacks, smectites and twisted n-layer graphene. In particular, the set of all possible disordered layers, including rotated, shifted and curved layers, forms a stochastic sequence governed by a hidden Markov model. The probability distribution over the set of layer types is treated as an element of a Hilbert space and, using the tools of Fourier analysis and functional analysis, expressions are developed for the scattering cross sections of a broad class of disordered materials.
Related Concept Videos
Detection of Black Holes
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...
The Carbon Cycle
Carbon Skeletons
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Carbonation Shrinkage
The concrete's permeability is slightly reduced as calcium carbonate produced during the reaction fills its pores. Furthermore, its strength is slightly enhanced as the water released during the reaction...
Other Disorders of Digestive System

