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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Functions of Smooth Muscles01:23

Functions of Smooth Muscles

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Smooth muscles are an important type of muscle tissue that plays a vital role in the involuntary movements of internal organs. For example, they help regulate the movement of food through the gut and the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
Function of visceral smooth muscles
Visceral smooth muscle is found in the walls of all hollow organs, except the heart, and is a key player in the involuntary movements that drive the functioning of these internal organs. This tissue is arranged in...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

4.0K
As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
10:10

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

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Muscle and Joint Function After Anatomic and Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty Using a Modular Shoulder Prosthesis.

David C Ackland1, Wen Wu1, Richard Thomas1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|May 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) alter shoulder biomechanics. Minimizing glenoid lateralization in TSA is crucial for reducing joint loading, while RSA impacts muscle forces and joint shear.

Keywords:
deltoidglenohumeral jointjoint forcemuscle forcemusculoskeletal modelrotator cuff

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Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder
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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) alter shoulder joint mechanics.
  • Understanding these changes is vital for improving prosthesis survivorship and joint stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify changes in muscle moment arms, lines of action, and joint loading after TSA and RSA.
  • To evaluate the biomechanical effects of a metal-backed uncemented modular shoulder prosthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Eight cadaveric upper extremities were used with a custom testing rig.
  • Muscle moment arms and lines of force were measured pre- and post-operatively.
  • Musculoskeletal models estimated muscle and joint loading.

Main Results:

  • TSA caused minor glenohumeral joint lateralization, increasing deltoid force and joint compression during flexion.
  • Revision RSA significantly altered muscle moment arms, reducing peak muscle forces.
  • RSA resulted in increased superior joint shear force and decreased joint compression.

Conclusions:

  • TSA with uncemented prostheses can restore function, but minimizing glenoid lateralization is key to reducing joint stress.
  • Revision RSA modifies muscle function and joint loading, potentially impacting stability.
  • Findings can inform component selection and placement to enhance outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty.