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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer
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Emerging Immunotherapy Options for bacillus Calmette-Guérin Unresponsive Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Maxwell V Meng1, Jürgen E Gschwend2, Neal Shore3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California.

The Journal of Urology
|May 2, 2019
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

New immunotherapies are needed for high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer that recurs after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy. Research is ongoing to evaluate novel agents and combination regimens for BCG-unresponsive bladder cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Uro-oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Bladder Cancer Research

Background:

  • High-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has a significant recurrence and progression rate.
  • Patients with BCG-unresponsive NMIBC face limited treatment options.
  • There is a critical need for novel therapeutic strategies in this patient population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current immunotherapy options for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • To discuss ongoing and planned research into targeted agents and combination immunotherapy regimens.
  • To highlight the unmet need for effective treatments in recurrent NMIBC.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed for immunotherapy in BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • Identification of relevant congress abstracts from individual websites.
  • Inclusion of planned and ongoing studies from ClinicalTrials.gov.

Main Results:

  • Summary of existing immunotherapy treatments for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • Overview of emerging targeted agents and combination immunotherapy trials.
  • Identification of research gaps and future directions.

Conclusions:

  • Strong biological and clinical rationale supports immune-based therapies for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
  • Early-phase trial data for novel immunotherapies show promise.
  • Further studies are warranted to evaluate immune checkpoint inhibitors and combination regimens.
Keywords:
immunotherapymycobacterium bovisrecurrenceurinary bladder neoplasms

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