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Updated: Jan 25, 2026
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An In Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection
Published on: June 24, 2025
1.1K
Urinary Bladder Matrix Does Not Improve Tenogenesis in an In Vitro Equine Model.
Sarah M Khatibzadeh1, Bruno C Menarim1, Anne E C Nichols1
1Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Summary
Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) did not enhance tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) organization or cell differentiation in vitro. This study found UBM did not improve tendon healing scaffolds compared to ECM alone.
Area of Science:
- Biomaterials Science
- Tissue Engineering
- Orthopaedic Research
Background:
- Tendon healing results in extracellular matrix (ECM) with compromised structural integrity, increasing reinjury risk.
- Porcine urinary bladder matrix (UBM) is a potential scaffold for tissue repair, but its efficacy in tendon healing requires further investigation.
- Existing tendon ECM lacks the necessary organization for optimal healing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the efficacy of UBM in promoting matrix organization and tenogenesis within a novel in vitro tendon ECM hydrogel model.
- To determine if UBM addition to tendon ECM hydrogels improves matrix organization and cell differentiation compared to tendon ECM alone.
Main Methods:
- Bone marrow cells from adult horses were cultured within rat tail tendon ECM hydrogels with or without UBM under static tension.
- Constructs were analyzed at 7 and 21 days for contraction, cell viability, histology, biochemistry, and gene expression.
- Key markers for matrix organization and tenogenesis were assessed, including decorin, MMP-13, scleraxis, Mohawk, and COMP.
Main Results:
- UBM constructs showed significant contraction by day 7, while control constructs did not; both groups contracted significantly by day 21.
- Cells remained viable and elongated along lines of tension, with ECM compaction observed in both control and UBM groups.
- No significant differences were found between UBM and control groups for nuclear aspect ratio, DNA, glycosaminoglycan content, or gene expression of Mohawk.
- While decorin, MMP-13, and scleraxis expression increased over time, this was not influenced by UBM treatment. COMP expression decreased over time in both groups.
Conclusions:
- The novel in vitro ECM hydrogel model demonstrated substantial matrix organization and cell differentiation.
- The addition of UBM to tendon ECM hydrogels did not significantly enhance matrix organization or tenogenesis compared to tendon ECM alone.
- UBM did not provide additional benefits for improving matrix organization in this tendon healing model.
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