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Cereal processing at Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey.

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Early Neolithic Göbekli Tepe processed cereals using standardized tools, indicating organized food production for large work feasts rather than storage. This challenges previous subsistence models for the site.

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Area of Science:

  • Archaeology
  • Paleoethnobotany
  • Experimental Archaeology

Background:

  • Göbekli Tepe, an Early Neolithic site in southeastern Anatolia, features monumental architecture and has been subject to extensive archaeological debate.
  • Previous research on Göbekli Tepe's subsistence primarily focused on zooarchaeological evidence, neglecting plant food processing.
  • The site comprises monumental round buildings and smaller, contemporaneous rectangular structures, with a notable abundance of food processing tools.

Observation:

  • Over 7000 artifacts were analyzed, revealing a high frequency of grinding slabs, handstones, pestles, and mortars, unusual for contemporary sites.
  • Formal, experimental, and use-wear analyses demonstrated the production of standardized, efficient grinding tools.
  • Phytolith analysis confirmed the significant presence of cereals, complementing limited macro-remains.

Findings:

  • Neolithic inhabitants at Göbekli Tepe extensively processed cereals using specialized grinding tools.
  • Plant food preparation was strongly associated with the rectangular buildings, indicating defined work areas.
  • Evidence suggests food was produced for immediate consumption, with seasonal hunting peaks and no identified large storage facilities.

Implications:

  • The findings indicate a sophisticated organization of labor and food supply at Göbekli Tepe, essential for constructing monumental architecture.
  • The scale of plant and animal food processing suggests organized large work feasts, potentially linked to communal activities.
  • This study provides crucial archaeobotanical evidence, reshaping our understanding of Early Neolithic subsistence strategies and social organization at Göbekli Tepe.