Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues
Published on: August 21, 2011
Exosome-enriched fractions from MS B cells induce oligodendrocyte death
Joyce A Benjamins1, Liljana Nedelkoska1, Hanane Touil1
1Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (J.A.B., R.P.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology (L.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (H.T., A.B.-O.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology (H.T., A.B.-O.), McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P.M.S., N.J.C.), Wayne State University; and Department of Physiology (B.P.J., A.R.N.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
Objective:
To identify whether factors toxic to oligodendrocytes (OLs), released by B cells from patients with MS, are found in extracellular microvesicles enriched in exosomes.
Methods:
Conditioned medium (Sup) was obtained from cultures of blood B cells of patients with MS and normal controls (NCs). Exosome-enriched (Ex-En) fractions were prepared by solvent precipitation from Sup containing bovine serum and from serum-free Sup by ultracentrifugation (UC) or immunoprecipitation (IP) with antibodies to CD9. Ex-En fractions were diluted 1:4 with OL culture medium and screened for toxic effects on cultured rat OLs as measured by trypan blue uptake. Proteomic analysis was performed on Sup fractions.
Results:
MS B cell-derived Ex-En fractions prepared from Sup by solvent extraction, UC, or IP induced OL death, whereas corresponding Ex-En fractions from NC showed little toxicity. Proteomic analysis of Sup demonstrated enrichment of proteins characteristic of exosomes from both NC and MS B-cell Sup. Ontology enrichment analysis suggested differences in the types and cargo of exosomes from MS Sup compared with NC, with proteins related to cell surface, extracellular plasma membrane, and gliogenesis enriched in MS.
Conclusions:
Much of the in vitro toxicity of Sup from B cells of patients with relapsing-remitting MS is found in Ex-En fractions, as confirmed by 3 methods. Proteomic analysis of B-cell Sup indicates multiple differences between MS and NC.
More Related Videos
10:53Generation of Human Neurons and Oligodendrocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Modeling Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions
Published on: November 9, 2020
12:02Isolation of Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor from Embryonic Stem Cells
Published on: November 11, 2021
Related Concept Videos
Overview of Cell Death
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
Autophagic Cell Death
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
Overview of Exosomes
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
Subcellular Fractionation
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Somatic...