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Gender Differences in Hypertension

Juan-Juan Song1, Zheng Ma1, Juan Wang1

  • 1Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research
|May 3, 2019
PubMed

Insights

This review highlights significant gender differences in hypertension, affecting risk factors, clinical features, and underlying mechanisms. Understanding these sex-based variations is crucial for improving cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Hypertension Research
  • Sex Differences in Health

Background:

  • Hypertension is a primary global risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Established gender disparities exist in hypertension's risk factors, awareness, treatment, and control.
  • Specific hypertension types exhibit distinct gender-linked characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize gender differences in the clinical features and determinants of hypertension.
  • To explore the underlying biological mechanisms contributing to sex-based variations in hypertension.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of sex differences in hypertension epidemiology and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating gender differences in hypertension.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on hypertension prevalence and control across genders.
  • Examination of physiological and molecular mechanisms implicated in sex differences in blood pressure regulation.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in hypertension epidemiology and clinical characteristics between men and women.
  • Gender influences the prevalence and determinants of hypertension and prehypertension.
  • Specific pathways like ACE2/Apelin signaling, sex hormones, endothelin-1, and sympathetic activity contribute to sex differences in blood pressure control.

Conclusions:

  • Gender is a critical determinant of hypertension's clinical presentation and underlying pathophysiology.
  • Recognizing and addressing gender-specific factors is essential for effective hypertension management and cardiovascular disease prevention.
  • Further research into sex-based mechanisms can inform personalized hypertension therapies.

Keywords:
Endothelin-1Gender differenceHypertensionImmune systemRenin-angiotensin systemSex hormone

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