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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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What is a Frequency Distribution00:51

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A frequency is the number of times a value of the data occurs. The sum of all the frequency values represents the total number of students included in the sample. It is commonly used to group data of quantitative types. Frequency distributions can be displayed in a table, histogram, line graph, dot plot, or pie chart, just to name a few. A histogram is a graphical representation of tabulated frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles, erected over discrete intervals (bins), with an area equal to...
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Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the quantitative data set is plotted in the form of a table. Or else, the data values are grouped into the quantity’s intervals, which form classes, and their respective frequencies are known. That is, the data values are distributed over different categories or classes. This is known as frequency distribution.
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Load-frequency control (LFC) is vital for maintaining power system stability, ensuring that frequency and power flows remain within acceptable limits during load changes. Turbine-governor control eliminates rotor accelerations and decelerations following load changes. However, a steady-state frequency error persists when the change in the turbine-governor reference setting is zero. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through...
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Laser stabilization with a frequency-to-voltage chip for narrow-line laser cooling.

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Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Optical frequency stabilization with a synchronous frequency-to-voltage converter.

F C Reynolds, J J McFerran

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    Summary

    A novel frequency-to-voltage converter transfers frequency instability between a frequency comb and a continuous-wave laser, achieving 10-14 stability. This method enhances laser cooling applications requiring high frequency precision.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    • Metrology and Measurement Science

    Background:

    • High frequency stability is crucial for precision measurements and applications like laser cooling.
    • Traditional methods for stabilizing continuous-wave (cw) lasers can be limited by optical cavity performance and signal strength.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a technique for transferring frequency stability from a frequency comb to a cw laser.
    • To achieve high levels of frequency stability (10-14 range) for cw lasers, particularly when optical beat signals are weak.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a frequency-to-voltage converter to transfer frequency instability.
    • Employing a synchronous voltage-to-frequency converter with an external CMOS oscillator.
    • Leveraging an atomic reference to the frequency comb for calibration and long-term stability.

    Main Results:

    • Successful transfer of frequency instability in the 10-14 range for integration times from 0.25 to 2100 seconds.
    • Demonstrated superior long-term frequency stability for the cw laser compared to most optical cavity-based methods.
    • The technique is effective even with weak optical beat signals between the frequency comb and the cw laser.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed frequency-to-voltage conversion technique provides a robust method for stabilizing cw lasers using frequency combs.
    • This approach offers a significant advantage for applications demanding exceptional frequency stability, such as advanced laser cooling.
    • The method overcomes limitations associated with weak optical beat signals and surpasses the stability offered by conventional optical cavities.