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Reaction Rate02:53

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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When two or more physical quantities are linked by a single relationship, a change in one variable necessarily affects the others. This interdependence forms the basis of related rates analysis, which examines how different quantities change with respect to time. A classic physical example is an expanding balloon, where the size of the balloon changes continuously as air is added.For a hot air balloon, the inflated envelope is commonly idealized as a perfect sphere to simplify mathematical...
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Polypharmacy Rates among Patients over 45 years

T Tatum1, P Curry2, B Dunne1

  • 1UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin

Irish Medical Journal
|May 3, 2019
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This summary is machine-generated.

Polypharmacy, the use of five or more medications, affects over 64% of adults aged 45 and older in Ireland. Women and older individuals experience higher rates, highlighting a need for medication review.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Polypharmacy, defined as using five or more medications monthly, is linked to inappropriate prescribing and adverse drug interactions.
  • High prevalence of polypharmacy is a recognized international issue, including in Ireland.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a national benchmark for polypharmacy prevalence in Ireland.
  • To analyze polypharmacy rates across different genders and age groups within the GMS eligible population.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Health Service Executive Primary Care Reimbursement Services (HSE-PCRS) pharmacy claims database.
  • Conducted Chi-square tests to assess statistical significance of medication use differences in adults aged 45 years and older.

Main Results:

  • In 2013, 64.3% of 794,628 individuals aged 45+ had polypharmacy.
  • Women (67.0%) had higher polypharmacy rates than men (60.8%).
  • Polypharmacy increased with age, from 38.6% in 45-54 year olds to 82.6% in those aged 75+.

Conclusions:

  • The study establishes a national benchmark for polypharmacy in Ireland.
  • High polypharmacy levels necessitate monitoring and evaluation of patient medication regimens for appropriateness.