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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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The human heart, despite its modest size and weight, is an organ of remarkable strength and endurance. Roughly the size of a fist, the heart weighs between 250 and 350 grams and is nestled within the mediastinum, the medial cavity of the thorax. It extends obliquely for about 12 to 14 cm, resting on the superior surface of the diaphragm. The heart is positioned anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum, with two-thirds of its mass lying to the left of the midsternal line.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Oriented Thin Films of Electroactive Triphenylene Catecholate-Based Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Andre Mähringer1,2, Andreas C Jakowetz1,2, Julian M Rotter1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) , Butenandtstr. 11 (E) , 81377 Munich , Germany.

ACS Nano
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Highly oriented thin films of triphenylene-based metal-organic frameworks (TP-MOFs) were synthesized using vapor-assisted conversion (VAC). These conductive TP-MOF films demonstrate photoactivity, opening avenues for optoelectronic devices.

Keywords:
metal−organic frameworkthin filmstime-resolved absorption spectroscopytriphenylene metal-catecholatevapor-assisted conversion

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • Two-dimensional triphenylene-based metal-organic frameworks (TP-MOFs) exhibit desirable long-range order and electrical conductivity.
  • Oriented thin films of TP-MOFs are crucial for integration into optoelectronic devices.
  • Controlled deposition strategies for TP-MOF films are currently lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a controlled deposition strategy for oriented thin films of TP-MOFs.
  • To synthesize and characterize M-CAT-1 series TP-MOFs (Ni-, Co-, Cu-based).
  • To evaluate the optoelectronic properties and potential applications of these TP-MOF films.

Main Methods:

  • Vapor-assisted conversion (VAC) for thin film synthesis.
  • Characterization using techniques like UV-vis, photoluminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy.
  • Fabrication of a basic photovoltaic device (ITO/Ni-CAT-1/Al).

Main Results:

  • Highly oriented Ni- and Co-CAT-1 films with uniform topography and thickness (180-200 nm) were successfully grown on gold substrates.
  • Acid modulators enabled preferred orientation on quartz and ITO substrates.
  • Electrical conductivity up to 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ was measured for Ni- and Co-CAT-1 films.
  • Ni-CAT-1 films exhibited photoinduced charge generation and extraction, demonstrating photoactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Vapor-assisted conversion (VAC) is an effective method for synthesizing oriented TP-MOF thin films.
  • M-CAT-1 materials possess significant electrical conductivity and photoactive properties.
  • These findings establish TP-MOFs as promising materials for optoelectronic devices and photoabsorbers.