Glyphosate in yam from Ghana

Glyphosate is used in Ghana on many crops including yam. There is the suspicion that there could be residue problems in the yam crop. Glyphosate as a polar compound is noted for its difficulty to be analysed in biological matrices. In this study, the method for glyphosate analysis based on FMOC-Cl derivatization was modified with a clean-up (CH₂Cl₂) step and validated to analyse glyphosate in yam by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the validated method was efficient for the analysis of glyphosate in yam, with recoveries of 34%, linearity of 0.997, RSD of 7%, LOD of 0.04 mg kg^-1, and LOQ of 0.12 mg kg^-1. Out of 68 samples analysed from a field experiment and from markets, glyphosate was detected in 14 samples, but at levels below the LOQ. It is concluded that the yam contained glyphosate residues at very low levels which may not pose threat to human health.