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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
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The divergence of a vector field at a point is the net outward flow of the flux out of a small volume through a closed surface enclosing the volume, as the volume tends to zero. More practically, divergence measures how much a vector field spreads out or diverges from a given point. For an outgoing flux, conventionally, the divergence is positive. The diverging point is often called the "source" of the field. Meanwhile, the negative divergence of a vector field at a point means that the vector...
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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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The divergence and Stokes' theorems are a variation of Green's theorem in a higher dimension. They are also a generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem are in a way similar to each other; The divergence theorem relates to the dot product of a vector, while Stokes' theorem relates to the curl of a vector. Many applications in physics and engineering make use of the divergence and Stokes' theorems, enabling us to write...
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Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes
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Rapid functional divergence after small-scale gene duplication in grasses.

Xueyuan Jiang1, Raquel Assis2,3

  • 1Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.

BMC Evolutionary Biology
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Small-scale gene duplication (SSD) in grasses often leads to rapid functional divergence, particularly in younger gene copies. This rapid evolution, driven by selection on male traits, mirrors patterns seen in animals.

Keywords:
Expression divergenceGene duplicationNeofunctionalization

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Plant genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Gene duplication is crucial for plant evolution and domestication.
  • Understanding the long-term evolution and retention of duplicate genes, especially from small-scale duplication (SSD) events, remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary trajectories of duplicate genes arising from SSD in the Poaceae (grass) family.
  • To analyze gene expression patterns and functional divergence in grass duplicate genes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression data from nine tissues across three grass species: Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa japonica (rice), and Sorghum bicolor.
  • Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles, sequence divergence, and tissue specificity.

Main Results:

  • Most grass genes show conserved expression profiles after SSD, indicating functional conservation.
  • Widespread functional divergence occurs, primarily through neofunctionalization, favoring younger gene copies.
  • Neofunctionalization is linked to RNA-mediated duplication, rapid evolution, and increased sequence divergence and tissue specificity, especially in anthers.

Conclusions:

  • SSD-derived genes in grasses frequently undergo rapid functional divergence, potentially driven by natural selection on male-specific phenotypes.
  • The evolutionary paths of duplicate genes in plants and animals show striking similarities.