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Related Concept Videos

What are Lipids?01:38

What are Lipids?

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Overview
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What are Lipids?01:31

What are Lipids?

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Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus crucial to all living organisms.  The three biologically important classes of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
Non-Polar and Hydrophobic Characteristics of Lipids
Lipids are a structurally and functionally diverse group of hydrocarbons—compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and...
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Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.
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Structure of Lipids03:38

Structure of Lipids

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Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. For example, they help keep aquatic...
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Lipid Catabolism01:25

Lipid Catabolism

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Triglycerides serve as crucial long-term energy storage molecules in microorganisms, providing a dense source of metabolic energy. Their breakdown is mediated by lipases, which hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. Each of these components follows distinct metabolic pathways, ultimately contributing to ATP synthesis and cellular energy homeostasis.Glycerol MetabolismGlycerol, released from triglyceride hydrolysis, is phosphorylated by glycerol kinase to form...
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Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

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In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
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JCL roundtable: Lipid treatment targets.

Debra A Friedrich1, Dean G Karalis2, Karen E Aspry3

  • 1College of Nursing and Health, Loyola University, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Journal of Clinical Lipidology
|May 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clinical lipidologists focus on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as key atherogenic risk markers. New calculations and guidelines refine LDL-C treatment goals for cardiovascular risk reduction.

Keywords:
BiomarkersCholesterol guidelinesLipid treatment goalsLipid treatment targetsRisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Clinical Lipidology
  • Atherosclerosis Research

Background:

  • Current clinical practice relies on atherogenic risk markers and treatment targets for managing cardiovascular disease.
  • Established guidelines, such as the ACC/AHA/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines, shape lipid management strategies.
  • Certain biomarkers, like high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a), are associated with risk but not primary treatment targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the risk marker framework supporting current cholesterol guidelines.
  • To understand the practical application of atherogenic risk markers and treatment targets in daily clinical lipidology.
  • To discuss the evolving landscape of lipid management, including advanced testing and risk assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Roundtable discussion among clinical lipidologists.
  • Review of current ACC/AHA/Multisociety Cholesterol Guidelines.
  • Analysis of prominent atherogenic risk markers and their role as treatment targets.
  • Discussion of advanced lipid testing and vascular imaging, including coronary artery calcium scoring.

Main Results:

  • Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol remain central treatment targets.
  • A novel LDL-C calculation offers improved accuracy over the Friedewald calculation.
  • Treatment goals for LDL-C include absolute thresholds (e.g., <70 mg/dL) and relative reductions (e.g., ≥50%).
  • Treatment timing (earlier, milder vs. later, stronger) is a key consideration in atherosclerotic progression.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical lipidologists prioritize LDL-C and non-HDL-C for managing atherogenic risk.
  • Accurate LDL-C measurement and guideline-directed goals are crucial for cardiovascular risk reduction.
  • Advanced lipid testing and vascular imaging complement traditional risk assessment to guide personalized treatment strategies.